Founded in 1348, The Order of the Garter is the most senior and the oldest British Order of Chivalry and is said to have been inspired by an incident that happened whilst King Edward III danced with Joan, Countess of Salisbury.  The Countess's garter fell to the floor and after the King retrieved it he tied it to his own left leg. Those watching this were apparently amused, but the King admonished them saying, 'Honi soit qui mal y pense' (Shame on him who thinks this evil). This then became the motto of the Order.

Modern scholars think it is more likely that the Order was inspired by the strap used to attach pieces of armour, and that the motto could well have referred to critics of Edward's claim to the throne of France.  The Order, consisting of the King and twenty-five knights, was intended by Edward III to be reserved as the highest reward for loyalty and for military merit. 

The patron saint of the Order is St George (patron saint of soldiers and also of England) and the spiritual home of the Order is St George's Chapel, Windsor. Every knight is required to display a banner of his arms in the Chapel, together with a helmet, a crest, a sword and an enamelled stall-plate (Coat of Arms). 

These 'achievements' are taken down on the knight's death (and the insignia are returned to the Sovereign), but the stall-plates remain as a memorial and these now constitute one of the finest collections of heraldry in the world.

The insignia of the Order have developed over the centuries: starting with a garter and badge depicting St George and the Dragon. A collar was added in the sixteenth century, and the star and broad riband in the seventeenth century.  Although the collar could not be decorated with precious stones (the statutes forbid it), the other insignia could be decorated according to taste and affordability. George IV, well-known for his vanity, left 55 different Garter badges of varying styles.  Over the years, a number of knights have been 'degraded' (for the crimes of heresy, treason or cowardice), the most recent example being the Duke of Ormond in 1715, or even executed - such as Lord Scrope of Masham (a childhood friend of Henry V), and the 3rd Duke of Buckingham in 1521. Charles I wore his Order (ornamented with over 400 diamonds) to his execution in 1649. 

From the eighteenth century to 1946, appointments to the Order (and to the Order of the Thistle) were made on advice from government.  Today, the Order has returned to its original function as a mark of royal favour; Knights of the Garter are chosen personally by the Sovereign to honour those who have held public office, and have contributed in a particular way to national life or who have served the Sovereign personally.  The number of knights is limited to 24 plus royal knights. For much of its history, the Garter was limited to the aristocracy, but today the knights are from varied backgrounds. If there are vacancies in the Order, appointments are announced on St George's Day (23 April).

On a Monday in mid-June, the Knights of the Garter gather at Windsor Castle, where new knights take the oath and are invested with the insignia. A lunch is given in the Waterloo Chamber, after which the knights process to a service in St George's Chapel, wearing their blue velvet robes (with the badge of the Order - St George's Cross within the Garter surrounded by radiating silver beams - on the left shoulder) and black velvet hats with white plumes. 

The Sovereign of the Order, attends the service along with other members of the Royal family who are also members of the Order. During the Middle Ages ladies were associated with the Order, although unlike today they did not enjoy full membership. One of the last medieval ladies to be honoured was Lady Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII and grandmother of Henry VIII.  After her death in 1509 the Order remained exclusively male, except for reigning queens as Sovereign of the Order, until 1901 when Edward VII made Queen Alexandra a lady of the Order. 

In 1987, Queen Elizabeth II decreed that women should be eligible for the Garter in the same way as men.

Since the early fourteenth century, foreign monarchs have been appointed to the Order, as a means of marking and securing alliances - one of the earliest such appointments was that of the Duke of Urbino by Edward IV in 1474.   Such appointments were and are occasionally made to non-Christian rulers (for example, the Shah of Persia in 1902), which prompted some debate over removing Christian imagery (the cross of St George) from the Order when it is given to non-Christian recipients; in the end, the design remained unchanged.  Foreign monarchs in the Order are known as 'Stranger Knights'. These knights are in addition to the number allowed by statute, and they include the kings of Spain and Sweden and the Emperor of Japan.  There are 24 Knights and Lady Companions, not including members of the Royal family. 

The Investiture Ceremony

The investiture of new Knights is held in the Throne Room of Windsor Castle on the morning of the Garter Service.  Two Officers of the Order - Garter King of Arms and the Lady Usher of the Black Rod - bring the Knight or Lady elect.  The Knight or Lady is escorted to the Sovereign between two Knight sponsors.  The Sovereign personally invests the recipient with all the insignia of The Order.  For men, a garter is tied around the left leg and is held by Garter King of Arms whilst the admonition is read.  The admonition recalls an era when members of the Order of the Garter formed the backbone of the Monarch's military command:

"To the honour of God Omnipotent and Memorial of the Blessed Martyr, St George, tie about thy leg, for thy renown, this most Noble Garter. Wear it as a symbol of the Most Illustrious Order, never to be forgotten or paid aside, that thereby thou mayest be admonished to be courageous, and having undertaken a just war, with which thou shalt be engaged, thou mayest stand firm, valiant fight courageously and successfully conquer"

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